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A possible cause of the decrease in viability by the PBS buffer for the magnesium implants compared to the titanium implants can be a higher pH value of the PBS buffer of 8.05 for the magnesium implant compared to 7.03 for the titanium implant. This cannot be proven. Micrographs were evaluated using ImageJ. GFP intensity was divided by the area of the covered area on the respective samples and subsequently multiplied with 100 to get a semi-quantitative analysis. The pH values of the PBS buffers for all samples were tested at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. The pH value at the end of the experiment did not show a significant difference for all samples.

Macrophages were seeded on the titanium and titanium PCL and titanium PCL PCL PCL implants and incubated for 24 h. Afterwards, cells were detached and subjected to mRNA qPCR analysis. The qRT-PCR (quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) analyses of in total 11 genes demonstrated very similar and even distribution on both materials for the majority of the genes. This finding indicates that the titanium PCL or titanium PCL PCL coatings do not interfere with the gene expression of macrophages, and lead to a normal phagocytic process. The only exception is one gene, CD86. CD86 stands for MHC class II (Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II). This gene is upregulated in macrophages that recognize an antigen (foreign). So, here macrophages react more intensively than normal macrophages. The only significant difference in the gene expression between the magnesium and the titanium PCL and titanium PCL PCL implants is again the CD86 gene. CD86 is down regulated in macrophages that recognize an antigen.

Titanium implants coated with a resorbable PCL coating were implanted over the calve tibia of rats in order to create a critical size defect. Micro--CT measurements demonstrated a significantly higher bone mass in the titanium PCL PCL titanium PCL compared to the titanium implant group after 12 weeks. The bone volume and density percentages as well as the bone volume fraction in the titanium PCL titanium PCL group were significantly higher than in the titanium group. d2c66b5586